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Characteristic
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Postpartum depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ≥ 5) N = 3147
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Crude odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
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Adjusted Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (n = 3147)
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Yes 385 (12.2)
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No 2762 (88.8)
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|---|
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Age (years)
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< 20
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11 (10.3)
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96 (89.7)
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Reference
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Reference
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20–29
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191 (10.9)
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1563 (89.1)
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1.06 (0.56, 2.02)
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2.38 (0.76, 7.39)
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30–39
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175 (14.4)
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1042 (85.6)
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1.46 (0.77, 2.79)
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1.90 (0.82, 4.38)
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40 or more
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8 (11.6)
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61 (88.4)
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1.14 (0.43, 3.00)
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1.87 (0.83, 4.20)
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Not currently married
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11 (21.6)
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40 (78.4)
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2.00 (1.01, 3.93)
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1.05 (0.46, 2.40)
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Rural residence
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363 (13.0)
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2425 (87.0)
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2.93 (1.46, 3.57)
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2.60 (1.58, 4.27)
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No formal education
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308 (13.9)
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1904 (86.1)
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1.80 (1.38, 2.34)
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1.31 (0.96, 1.80)
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Husband unhappy about baby gender
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58 (15.8)
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308 (84.2)
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1.43 (1.04, 1.91)
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1.20 (0.77, 1.85)
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Perinatal complication
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86 (24.9)
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260 (75.1)
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2.76 (2.10, 3.63)
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2.43 (1.80, 3.29)
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History of stillbirth
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37 (22.8)
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125 (77.2)
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2.24 (1.52, 3.29)
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1.42 (0.92, 2.19)
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History of abortion
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61 (20.6)
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235 (79.4)
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2.02 (1.49, 2.74)
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1.45 (1.03, 2.04)
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Parity
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Primiparous
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40 (7.9)
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464 (92.1)
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Reference
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Reference
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2–4 live births
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149 (10.7)
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1244 (89.3)
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1.38 (0.96, 2.00)
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1.43 (0.91, 2.23)
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Five or more
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196 (15.7)
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1054 (84.3)
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2.15 (1.50, 3.08)
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1.94 (1.18, 3.20)
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Hunger in the previous month
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126 (29.0)
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308 (71.0)
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3.87 (3.03, 4.94)
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1.95 (1.43, 2.67)
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Relative wealth
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Less
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171 (21.4)
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629 (78.6)
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4.21 (2.47, 7.18)
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1.84 (1.03, 3.29)
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Same
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198 (9.5)
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1885 (90.5)
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1.62 (0.96, 2.75)
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1.34 (0.77, 2.31)
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Better
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16 (6.1)
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248 (93.9)
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Reference
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Reference
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Social support
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Poor
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104 (18.3)
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465 (81.7)
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2.18 (1.61, 2.95)
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0.89 (0.66, 1.19)
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Intermediate
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187 (11.9)
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1378 (88.1)
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1.32 (1.02, 1.72)
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0.81 (0.58, 1.14)
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Strong
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94 (9.3)
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919 (90.7)
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Reference
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Reference
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Husband does not live in the same house
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70 (18.0)
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319 (82.0)
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1.70 (1.28, 2.26)
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1.31 (0.93, 1.83)
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Husband drinks too much alcohol
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95 (13.6)
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602 (86.4)
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1.17 (0.91, 1.50)
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0.79 (0.60, 1.04)
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Poor marital relationship
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80 (27.5)
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211 (72.5)
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3.17 (2.38, 4.21)
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2.13 (1.53, 2.97)
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- Reference category
- The variables with statistically significant association (p < 0.05) are written in italics
